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Abnormal posturing is an involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs, indicating severe brain injury. It occurs when one set of muscles becomes incapacitated while the opposing set is not, and an external stimulus such as pain causes the working set of muscles to contract. [1] The posturing may also occur without a stimulus.
It manifests in abnormal and stereotypical patterns across multiple joints called obligatory synergies. [1] They are described as either a flexion synergy or an extension synergy and affect both the upper and lower extremity (see below). [1] When these patterns occur in a patient, he or she is unable to move a limb segment in isolation of the ...
Anterograde and retrograde flow refer to movement of blood or other fluids in a normal (anterograde) or abnormal (retrograde) direction. [23] Circumduction is a conical movement of a body part, such as a ball and socket joint or the eye. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.
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The tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) is a primitive reflex found in newborn humans. With this reflex, tilting the head back (extension) while lying on the stomach causes the back to stiffen and even arch backwards, the legs to straighten, stiffen, and push together, the toes to point, the arms to straighten (not bend at the elbows and wrists, and the hands to become fisted or the fingers to curl).
Responds to pain with decerebrate posturing (abnormal extension) Responds to pain with decerebrate posturing (abnormal extension) 2 Responds to pain with decorticate posturing (abnormal flexion) Responds to pain with decorticate posturing (abnormal flexion) 3 Withdraws in response to pain Withdraws in response to pain 4 Withdraws to touch
It is identified by an abnormal thoracolumbar spinal flexion, which is a forward bending of the lower joints of the spine, occurring in a standing position. In order to be classified as BSS, the anterior flexion (the lower back bending) must be of 45 degrees anteriorly. This classification differentiates it from a similar syndrome known as ...
A hand imitating an ulnar claw. The metacarpophalangeal joints of the 4th and 5th fingers are extended and the Interphalangeal joints of the same fingers are flexed.. An ulnar claw, also known as claw hand or Spinster’s Claw, is a deformity or an abnormal attitude of the hand that develops due to ulnar nerve damage causing paralysis of the lumbricals.