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Numpy is one of the most popular Python data libraries, and TensorFlow offers integration and compatibility with its data structures. [66] Numpy NDarrays, the library's native datatype, are automatically converted to TensorFlow Tensors in TF operations; the same is also true vice versa. [66]
It is designed to follow the structure and workflow of NumPy as closely as possible and works with various existing frameworks such as TensorFlow and PyTorch. [5] [6] The primary functions of JAX are: [2] grad: automatic differentiation; jit: compilation; vmap: auto-vectorization; pmap: Single program, multiple data (SPMD) programming
Keras was first independent software, then integrated into the TensorFlow library, and later supporting more. "Keras 3 is a full rewrite of Keras [and can be used] as a low-level cross-framework language to develop custom components such as layers, models, or metrics that can be used in native workflows in JAX, TensorFlow, or PyTorch — with ...
In machine learning, the term tensor informally refers to two different concepts (i) a way of organizing data and (ii) a multilinear (tensor) transformation. Data may be organized in a multidimensional array (M-way array), informally referred to as a "data tensor"; however, in the strict mathematical sense, a tensor is a multilinear mapping over a set of domain vector spaces to a range vector ...
PyTorch Tensors are similar to NumPy Arrays, but can also be operated on a CUDA-capable NVIDIA GPU. PyTorch has also been developing support for other GPU platforms, for example, AMD's ROCm [27] and Apple's Metal Framework. [28] PyTorch supports various sub-types of Tensors. [29]
TensorFlow: Apache 2.0-licensed Theano-like library with support for CPU, GPU, Google's proprietary tensor processing unit (TPU), [164] and mobile devices. Theano: The reference deep-learning library for Python with an API largely compatible with the popular NumPy library. Allows user to write symbolic mathematical expressions, then ...
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Many libraries support bfloat16, such as CUDA, [13] Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library, AMD ROCm, [14] AMD Optimizing CPU Libraries, PyTorch, and TensorFlow. [10] [15] On these platforms, bfloat16 may also be used in mixed-precision arithmetic, where bfloat16 numbers may be operated on and expanded to wider data types.