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The main treaty was opened for signature on 1 December 1959, and officially entered into force on 23 June 1961. [4] The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [1]
The Antarctic Treaty, formed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, is a key component for the management of Antarctica and helps provide administration for the continent, which is carried out through consultative member meetings.
The Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (popular as CRAMRA) is a treaty that is part of the Antarctic Treaty System. The convention was concluded at Wellington on 2 June 1988. The government of New Zealand is the depository of the treaty. [1] The convention was signed by 19 states, but none have ratified it.
Once the Antarctic Treaty entered into force in 1961, a series of measures were agreed under the provisions of its article IX (which provides for the creation of measures aimed at "the preservation and conservation of living resources in Antarctica"), or in separate conventions, which focused on issues such as the protection of flora and fauna ...
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources; Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals; Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities; Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
The treaty set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. The Antarctic Treaty states that contracting to the treaty: is not a renunciation of any previous territorial claim
The Antarctic territorial claims are divided into sectors, in accordance to the sector principle. Boundary in the Barents Sea between Norway and Russia, settled in 2010. The sector principle, also known as the sector theory, [1] is a principle in international law which asserts that territorial claims in the polar regions should be determined by longitude lines.
Stokke, Olav Schram and Davor Vidas – Governing the Antarctic: The Effectiveness and Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System. [60] Stone, Greg - Ice island: the expedition to Antarctica's largest iceberg. [193] Stroud, Mike - Shadows on the Wasteland. [194] Suggate, L. S. - Australia and New Zealand, with Pacific Islands and Antarctica. [195]