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Although T- cells are powerful tools that help us defend against cancer through immune responses, errors may still occur during the process, and cancer's anti-tumour effect may vary. For example, the T- cells may not be activated and sustain the anti-tumor effect long enough, or the number of T-cells presented is insufficient.
The patient’s T-cells are genetically modified in laboratories to include chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). The CARs are designed to recognize the specific cancer antigens and bind to them, allowing T-cells to target and attack the cancer cells. The genetically modified T-cells are administered back to the patients as a treatment.
T-cell transfer therapy: a treatment that takes T-cells from the tumor and selects or changes them in the lab to better attack cancer cells, then reintroduces them into the patient. Monoclonal antibodies : designed to bind to specific targets on cancer cells, marking cancer cells so that they will be better seen and destroyed by the immune system.
Each T cell's TCR is specific to one antigen and sits on the T cell's surface. The affinity of human TCRs to tumor antigens is relatively low, rendering them unable to recognize and kill tumor cells effectively. The modified T cell has much higher affinity, which enhances both recognition and affinity supporting the recognition of tumor cells. [1]
The CAR programs the T cells to target an antigen present on the tumor cell surface. For safety, CAR T cells are engineered to be specific to an antigen that is expressed on a tumor cell but not on healthy cells. [2] After the modified T cells are infused into a patient, they act as a "living drug" against cancer cells. [3]
Alternatively, Genetically engineered T cells are created by harvesting T cells and then infecting the T cells with a retrovirus that contains a copy of a T cell receptor (TCR) gene that is specialised to recognise tumour antigens. The virus integrates the receptor into the T cells' genome. The cells are expanded non-specifically and/or stimulated.
CD8 + T cells can exist in a stem cell–like state, capable of clonal proliferation. Human T memory stem cells express a gene program that enables them to proliferate extensively and differentiate into other T cell populations. [3] CD4 + T cells can also promote tumor rejection. CD4 + T cells enhance CD8 + T cell function and can directly ...
Usually, the T cell antigen receptor is inactive but when the receptor recognizes a certain cancerous antigen, the physical structure of the T cell changes to destroy the cancer cell. [7] This is a method of cancer treatment that works on the cellular and molecular level.
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