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Such sources may require anonymity to protect them from physical, economic or professional reprisals in response to their revelations. There is a strong tradition of legal source protection internationally, in recognition of the function that confidential sources play in facilitating 'watchdog' or 'accountability' journalism. While professional ...
Civil liberties are simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations. The explicitly defined liberties make up the Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to privacy ...
These include the Fourth Amendment right to be free of unwarranted search or seizure, the First Amendment right to free assembly, and the Fourteenth Amendment due process right, recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States as protecting a general right to privacy within family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, and child rearing. [2] [3]
De-anonymization is the reverse process in which anonymous data is cross-referenced with other data sources to re-identify the anonymous data source. [3] Generalization and perturbation are the two popular anonymization approaches for relational data. [ 4 ]
In authoritarian regimes in which government censorship impedes on perceived civil liberties, some civil liberty advocates argue for the use of anonymity tools to allow for free speech, privacy, and anonymity. [5] The degree to which societies acknowledge civil liberties is affected by the influence of terrorism and war.
Shield laws in the United States are designed to protect reporters' privilege or to prevent prosecution when states’ laws differ, especially on the issue of abortion. [1] Reporters’ privilege involves the right of media to refuse to testify as to the information and/or sources of information obtained during the news gathering and ...
Government leave policy is established by public law. [89] Employees working for private companies operate under different rules, and if state laws require time for employee breaks and meals, restricting employee movement could be an arrest in some areas. Due to unequal protection, government employees are at greater risk of serious abuse by ...
Specifically, the court adopted the three-pronged test required for the encroachment of any Article 21 right – legality – i.e. through an existing law; necessity, in terms of a legitimate state objective and proportionality, that ensures a rational nexus between the object of the invasion and the means adopted to achieve that object.