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  2. Prion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion

    A prion / ˈ p r iː ɒ n / ⓘ is a misfolded protein that induces misfolding in normal variants of the same protein, leading to cellular death. Prions are responsible for prion diseases, known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs), which are fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases affecting both humans and animals.

  3. Cell wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall

    A plant cell wall was first observed and named (simply as a "wall") by Robert Hooke in 1665. [3] However, "the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast" was forgotten, for almost three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest mainly as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health.

  4. Major prion protein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_prion_protein

    Others insert additional amino acids into the protein or cause an abnormally short protein to be made. These mutations cause the cell to make prion proteins with an abnormal structure. The abnormal protein PrP Sc accumulates in the brain and destroys nerve cells, which leads to the mental and behavioral features of prion diseases. [citation needed]

  5. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissible_spongiform...

    The subsequent demonstration that human prion diseases were transmissible reinforced the importance of spongiform change as a diagnostic feature, reflected in the use of the term "spongiform encephalopathy" for this group of disorders. Prions appear to be most infectious when in direct contact with affected tissues.

  6. Non-cellular life - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cellular_life

    Non-cellular life, also known as acellular life, is life that exists without a cellular structure for at least part of its life cycle. [1] Historically, most definitions of life postulated that an organism must be composed of one or more cells, [2] but, for some, this is no longer considered necessary, and modern criteria allow for forms of life based on other structural arrangements.

  7. Pathogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen

    Plants uptake prions from contaminated soil and transport them into their stem and leaves, potentially transmitting the prions to herbivorous animals. [22] Additionally, wood, rocks, plastic, glass, cement, stainless steel, and aluminum have been shown binding, retaining, and releasing prions, showcasing that the proteins resist environmental ...

  8. Common thyroid drug levothyroxine linked to bone mass loss - AOL

    www.aol.com/common-thyroid-drug-levothyroxine...

    Levothyroxine is a frequently prescribed drug in the United States, particularly for older people, as lower thyroid function can be associated with aging. Questions remain over how appropriately ...

  9. Virus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

    Plants have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, and fungi one of chitin, so most viruses can get inside these cells only after trauma to the cell wall. [ 6 ] : 70 Nearly all plant viruses (such as tobacco mosaic virus) can also move directly from cell to cell, in the form of single-stranded nucleoprotein complexes, through pores called ...