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Each row of points is a sample from the same normal distribution. The colored lines are 50% confidence intervals for the mean, μ.At the center of each interval is the sample mean, marked with a diamond.
Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of is =, where p o is the relative observed agreement among raters, and p e is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly selecting each category.
A highly accessible introduction to the interpretation of probability. Covers all the main interpretations, and proposes a novel group level (or 'intersubjective') interpretation. Also covers fallacies and applications of interpretations in the social and natural sciences. Skyrms, Brian (2000). Choice and chance : an introduction to inductive ...
Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data, [5] or as a branch of mathematics. [6]
Fleiss' kappa is a generalisation of Scott's pi statistic, [2] a statistical measure of inter-rater reliability. [3] It is also related to Cohen's kappa statistic and Youden's J statistic which may be more appropriate in certain instances. [4]
Simpson's paradox has been used to illustrate the kind of misleading results that the misuse of statistics can generate. [7] [8] Edward H. Simpson first described this phenomenon in a technical paper in 1951, [9] but the statisticians Karl Pearson (in 1899 [10]) and Udny Yule (in 1903 [11]) had mentioned similar effects
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Pearson's correlation coefficient is the covariance of the two variables divided by the product of their standard deviations. The form of the definition involves a "product moment", that is, the mean (the first moment about the origin) of the product of the mean-adjusted random variables; hence the modifier product-moment in the name.