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A is the normal anatomy, B is a pre-stage, C is a sliding hiatal hernia, and D is a paraesophageal (rolling) type. Four types of esophageal hiatal hernia are identified: [10] Type I: A type I hernia, also known as a sliding hiatal hernia, occurs when part of the stomach slides up through the hiatal opening in the diaphragm. [11]
A type II, rolling hiatal hernia, is when the gastric fundus is herniated, but the cardia portion of the stomach remains still. A type 1, or sliding hiatal hernia, is when the gastroesophageal junction and the cardia portion of the stomach move through the posterior mediastinum. [5]
Non-sliding or para-esophageal hernias can be dangerous as they may allow the stomach to rotate and obstruct. Repair is usually advised. A congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a distinct problem, occurring in up to 1 in 2000 births, and requiring pediatric surgery .
The diaphragm separates the chest from the abdomen. The esophagus (swallowing tube) passes through the hiatal opening in the diaphragm to reach the stomach. With a hiatal hernia, part of the stomach is displaced upwards into the chest (Figure 1). Large hiatal hernias may cause chronic gastrointestinal blood loss leading to iron deficiency anemia.
Hernia repair is a surgical operation for the correction of a hernia—a bulging of internal organs or tissues through the wall that contains it. It can be of two different types: herniorrhaphy; or hernioplasty. [1] This operation may be performed to correct hernias of the abdomen, groin, diaphragm, brain, or at the site of a previous operation.
The hernia descends below the proximal (upper) third of the vagina in females, [2] or, according to another definition, below the pubococcygeal line (PCL). [ 3 ] [ note 1 ] According to a consensus statement by the USA, Australia and the UK, [ note 2 ] a cul-de-sac hernia / peritoneocele is defined as "a protrusion of the peritoneum between the ...
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