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All integers are either even or odd. A square has even multiplicity for all prime factors (it is of the form a 2 for some a). The first: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144 (sequence A000290 in the OEIS). A cube has all multiplicities divisible by 3 (it is of the form a 3 for some a).
The number 28 depicted as 28 balls arranged in a triangular pattern with the number of layers of 7 28 as the sum of four nonzero squares. Twenty-eight is a composite number and the second perfect number as it is the sum of its proper divisors: 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28 {\displaystyle 1+2+4+7+14=28} .
The tables below list all of the divisors of the numbers 1 to 1000. A divisor of an integer n is an integer m, for which n/m is again an integer (which is necessarily also a divisor of n). For example, 3 is a divisor of 21, since 21/7 = 3 (and therefore 7 is also a divisor of 21). If m is a divisor of n, then so is −m. The tables below only ...
For instance, 6 has proper divisors 1, 2 and 3, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, so 6 is a perfect number. The next perfect number is 28, since 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28. The first four perfect numbers are 6, 28, 496 and 8128. [1] The sum of proper divisors of a number is called its aliquot sum, so a perfect number is one that is equal to its aliquot sum.
If one of the factors is composite, it can in turn be written as a product of smaller factors, for example 60 = 3 · 20 = 3 · (5 · 4). Continuing this process until every factor is prime is called prime factorization; the result is always unique up to the order of the factors by the prime factorization theorem.
Although all amicable pairs up to 10,000 are even pairs, the proportion of odd amicable pairs increases steadily towards higher numbers, and presumably there are more of them than of the even amicable pairs (A360054 in OEIS). Gaussian integer amicable pairs exist, [14] [15] e.g. s(8008+3960i) = 4232-8280i and s(4232-8280i) = 8008+3960i. [16]
All pairs of positive coprime numbers (m, n) (with m > n) can be arranged in two disjoint complete ternary trees, one tree starting from (2, 1) (for even–odd and odd–even pairs), [10] and the other tree starting from (3, 1) (for odd–odd pairs). [11] The children of each vertex (m, n) are generated as follows:
For example, the "primitive" friendly pair 6 and 28 gives rise to friendly pairs 6n and 28n for all n that are congruent to 1, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 29, 31, 37, or 41 modulo 42. [7] This shows that the natural density of the friendly numbers (if it exists) is positive.