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Flow visualization is the art of making flow patterns visible. Most fluids (air, water, etc.) are transparent, thus their flow patterns are invisible to the naked eye without methods to make them this visible. Historically, such methods included experimental methods.
Flow around a sphere being visualized by seeding the flow with smoke. Visualization of hairpin vortex structure, made visible by seeding the flow with colored dye. Seeding is a fundamental technique in fluid dynamics. It is used to visualize and measure fluid flow. Researchers introduce small particles, called seed particles, into a fluid.
Dye steadily injected into the fluid at a fixed point (as in dye tracing) extends along a streakline. Pathlines are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow. These can be thought of as "recording" the path of a fluid element in the flow over a certain period.
Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive optical flow measurement technique used to study fluid flow patterns and velocities. PIV has found widespread applications in various fields of science and engineering, including aerodynamics, combustion, oceanography, and biofluids.
Carbon sampling was the first method of technology-assisted dye tracing that was based on the absorption of dye in charcoal.Charcoal packets may be placed along the expected route of the flow, later the collected dye may be chemically extracted and its amount subjectively evaluated.
Cy7 is a near-IR fluor that is invisible to the naked eye (excitation/emission maximum 750/776 nm). It is used in in vivo imaging applications, as well as the Cy7.5 dye. Sulfo–cyanine dyes bear one or two sulfo groups, rendering the Cy dye water-soluble, but tri- and quadri-sulfonated forms are available for even higher water solubility. [8]
Schlieren photography is a process for photographing fluid flow. Invented by the German physicist August Toepler in 1864 to study supersonic motion, it is widely used in aeronautical engineering to photograph the flow of air around objects.
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