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In response to the unprecedented spread of bark beetles in the Rocky Mountains and other parts of the western United States, the U.S. Forest Service formed the Western Bark Beetle Research Group (WBBRG) in 2007—a collaboration between scientists from three research stations that pools knowledge and resources to better understand the threat and eventually develop a strategy to combat it. [10]
Dutch elm disease was spread by elm bark beetles, yet the tree mortality was caused by a pathogen. [4] Chestnut blight is a fungus spread through wind dispersal and rain splatter; the blight traveled up to 50 miles in a year by natural means. [5] Insect pests, once they reach the adult phase, have the ability to disperse by flight.
Bark beetles enter trees by boring holes in the bark of the tree, sometimes using the lenticels, or the pores plants use for gas exchange, to pass through the bark of the tree. [3] As the larvae consume the inner tissues of the tree, they often consume enough of the phloem to girdle the tree, cutting off the spread of water and nutrients.
The foamy bark canker is a disease affecting oak trees in California caused by the fungus Geosmithia sp. #41 and spread by the Western oak bark beetle (Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis). This disease is only seen through the symbiosis of the bark beetles and the fungal pathogen .
Phloeosinus punctatus LeConte, 1876 (western cedar bark beetle) Phloeosinus scopulorum Swaine, 1924; Phloeosinus sequoiae Hopkins, 1903; Phloeosinus serratus (LeConte, 1868) (juniper bark beetle) Phloeosinus setosus Bruck, 1933; Phloeosinus spinosus Blackman, 1942; Phloeosinus swainei Bruck, 1933; Phloeosinus taxodii Blackman, 1922; Phloeosinus ...
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Juniperus occidentalis, known as the western juniper, is a shrub or tree native to the Western United States, growing in mountains at altitudes of 800–3,000 meters (2,600–9,800 ft) and rarely down to 100 m (330 ft).
Beetles usually breed in damaged grain, grain dust, high-moisture wheat kernels, and flour. The female flour beetle can lay between 300 and 400 eggs during her lifetime [a period of 5 to 8 months]. The flour beetles mainly infest grains, including, but not limited to: cereal, corn-meal, oats, rice, flour, and crackers.