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This is a list of plant species that, when consumed by humans, are known or suspected to produce psychoactive effects: changes in nervous system function that alter perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. Many of these plants are used intentionally as psychoactive drugs, for
The cannabinoid receptors CB 1 and CB 2, two G protein-coupled receptors that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neurons, neural pathways, and other cells where these molecules, enzymes, and one or both cannabinoid receptor types are all localized together collectively comprise the endocannabinoid system.
The discovery of the first cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s helped to resolve this debate. [10] These receptors are common in animals. Two known cannabinoid receptors are termed CB 1 and CB 2, [11] with mounting evidence of more. [12] The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type. [13]
In green plants, extracellular ATP and other nucleotides induce an increase in the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions, in addition to other downstream changes that influence plant growth and modulate responses to stimuli. [8] In 2014, the first purinergic receptor in plants, DORN1, was discovered. [9]
Receptor proteins can be classified by their location. Cell surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, include ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked hormone receptors. [1] Intracellular receptors are those found inside the cell, and include cytoplasmic receptors and nuclear receptors. [1]
Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) (/ k æ p ˈ s eɪ. ə. s ɪ n /, rarely / k æ p ˈ s eɪ s ɪ n /) [6] [7] [8] is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It is a potent irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into ...
It was the first plant hormone proven to be a peptide. Systemin induces the production of protein defense compound called protease inhibitors. Systemin was first identified in tomato leaves. It was found to be an 18-amino acid peptide processed from the C-terminus of a 200-amino acid precursor, which is called prosystemin. [1]
Mitragynine acts on a variety of receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), most notably the mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [22] The nature of mitragynine's interaction with opioid receptors has yet to be fully classified, with some reports suggesting partial agonist activity at the mu-opioid receptor [ 10 ] [ 22 ] and others ...