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Evidence that lichens are examples of successful symbiosis is the fact that lichens can be found in almost every habitat and geographic area on the planet. [21] Two species in two genera of green algae are found in over 35% of all lichens, but can only rarely be found living on their own outside of a lichen. [52]
Thallophyta is a division of the plant kingdom including primitive forms of plant life showing a simple plant body. Including unicellular to large algae, fungi, lichens. [5] The first ten phyla are referred to as thallophytes. They are simple plants without roots stems or leaves. [6] They are non-embryophyta. These plants grow mainly in water.
Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol derivatives, chromones, xanthones, depsides, and depsidones. Over 800 lichen products of known chemical structure have been reported in the scientific literature, and most of these compounds are exclusively found in lichens. [1]
Symbiosis in lichens is the mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus, forming lichen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Living as a symbiont in a lichen appears to be a successful way for a fungus to derive essential nutrients, as about 20% of all fungal species have ...
An organism that grows on another organism that is not a plant may be called an epibiont. [2] Epiphytes are usually found in the temperate zone (e.g., many mosses, liverworts, lichens, and algae) or in the tropics (e.g., many ferns, cacti, orchids, and bromeliads). [3]
Usnea filipendula – one of about 20,000 described species of lichen. The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to lichens.. Lichen – composite organism made up of multiple species – a fungal partner, one or more photosynthetic partners, which can be either green algae or cyanobacteria, and, in at least 52 genera of lichens, a yeast. [1]
Recent work suggests that non-photosynthetic bacterial microbiomes associated with lichens may also have functional significance to lichens. [10] Most mycobiont partners derive from the ascomycetes, and the largest class of lichenized fungi is Lecanoromycetes. [11] The vast majority of lichens derive photobionts from Chlorophyta (green algae). [9]
Secondary metabolites (lichen products) found in Lecideaceae lichens include depsides and depsidones. [1] The main genus Lecidea produces several secondary metabolites: confluentic acid , norstictic acid , hypostictic acid , gyrophoric acid , planaic acid , 2'- O -methylanziaic, 2'- O -methylmicrophyllinnic acid, 2'- O -methylperlatolic acid ...