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Various food grains at a market in India. A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit – with or without an attached hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. [1] A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes.
As a global food source, the most important edible seeds by weight are cereals, followed by legumes, nuts, [2] then spices. Cereals ( grain crops ) and legumes ( pulses ) correspond with the botanical families Poaceae and Fabaceae , respectively, while nuts, pseudocereals , and other seeds form polyphylic groups based on their culinary roles.
The Roman goddess Ceres presided over agriculture, grain crops, fertility, and motherhood; [9] the term cereal is derived from Latin cerealis, "of grain", originally meaning "of [the goddess] Ceres". [10] Several gods of antiquity combined agriculture and war: the Hittite Sun goddess of Arinna, the Canaanite Lahmu and the Roman Janus. [11]
Khorasan or Kamut (T. turgidum ssp. turanicum, also called T. turanicum) is an ancient grain type; Khorasan is a historical region in modern-day Afghanistan and the northeast of Iran. The grain is twice the size of modern wheat and has a rich nutty flavor. [68] Diploid species (2N) Einkorn (T. monococcum).
Rice plant (Oryza sativa) with branched panicles containing many grains on each stem Rice grains of different varieties at the International Rice Research Institute. Rice is a cereal grain and in its domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa.
Common wheat was first domesticated in West Asia during the early Holocene, and spread from there to North Africa, Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period. [citation needed] Naked wheats (including Triticum aestivum, T. durum, and T. turgidum) were found in Roman burial sites ranging from 100 BCE to 300 CE.
Baby corn (also known as young corn, cornlettes, child corn or baby sweetcorn) is a cereal grain taken from corn (maize) harvested early while the stalks are still small and immature. It typically is eaten whole—including the cob , which is otherwise too tough for human consumption in mature corn—in raw, pickled, and cooked forms.
Farina is a carbohydrate-rich food. When enriched with iron, it can be a significant source of dietary iron, especially for vegetarian diets. Popular brands offer up to 50% of the recommended daily value of iron in a single 500-kilojoule (120-kilocalorie) serving. In commercially available farina, the bran and most of the germ are removed.