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Columnaris (also referred to as cottonmouth and saddle-back disease) is a disease in fish which results from an infection caused by the Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium Flavobacterium columnare. It was previously known as Bacillus columnaris, Chondrococcus columnaris, Cytophaga columnaris and Flexibacter columnaris. The bacteria are ...
A. p. piscivorus – gaping is part of the typical defensive display, the white mouth giving it the nickname "cottonmouth". A cottonmouth in water in Tennessee – the high position in the water and upward-tilted head can help distinguish it from Nerodia watersnakes such as the common watersnake , although there is substantial similarity.
However, the disease can also develop without the fish showing any external signs of illness, the fish maintain a normal appetite, and then they suddenly die. The disease can progress slowly throughout an infected farm and, in the worst cases, death rates may approach 100 per cent. It is also a threat to the dwindling stocks of wild salmon.
The first known use of "moccasin" to refer to a deadly venomous snake was in a 1765 publication. The nickname is used to refer to both cottonmouths and copperheads. According to the Word Detective, this use may be related to their color and appearance or the silence with which they move. [ 10 ]
The cottonmouth’s name-defining characteristic includes its white (or very pale colored) mouth. The snake’s mouth is a stark contrast to the its darker colored, thick body, N.C. Park’s ...
Sandfly species transmit the disease leishmaniasis, by acting as vectors for protozoan Leishmania species, and tsetse flies transmit protozoan trypansomes (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypansoma brucei rhodesiense) which cause African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Ticks and lice form another large group of invertebrate vectors.
This disease is strongly linked to poverty and malnutrition, and predominantly affects children between the ages of two and six years in the least developed countries around the world, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa; noma has also been seen in severely immunocompromised people in the developed world. It is preventable by proper nutrition and ...
Gastropod-borne parasitic diseases are a significant public health problem in endemic areas and can lead to chronic malnutrition and other long-term health problems. Control measures such as health education campaigns, improved sanitation and hygiene practices and better food safety measures can help to reduce the prevalence of gastropod-borne ...