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The Monsanto process is an industrial method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol. [1] The Monsanto process has largely been supplanted by the Cativa process, a similar iridium-based process developed by BP Chemicals Ltd, which is more economical and environmentally friendly.
A possible mechanism is depicted below: [5] proposed mechanism Pomeranz-Fritsch reaction. First the benzalaminoacetal 1 is built by the condensation of benzaldehyde and a 2,2-dialkoxyethylamine. After the condensation a hydrogen-atom is added to one of the alkoxy groups. Subsequently, an alcohol is removed. Next, the compound 2 is built. After ...
The reaction mechanism of the Mitsunobu reaction is fairly complex. The identity of intermediates and the roles they play has been the subject of debate. Initially, the triphenyl phosphine (2) makes a nucleophilic attack upon diethyl azodicarboxylate (1) producing a betaine intermediate 3, which deprotonates the carboxylic acid (4) to form the ion pair 5.
The following figure shows the reaction mechanism: [2] Reaktionsmechanismus Albright-Goldman-Oxidation. First, dimethyl sulfoxide (1) reacts with acetic anhydride to form a sulfonium ion. It reacts with the primary alcohol in an addition reaction. Furthermore, acetic acid is cleaved, so that intermediate 2 is formed. The latter reacts upon ...
While the traditional Meyer–Schuster rearrangement uses harsh conditions with a strong acid as the catalyst, this introduces competition with the Rupe reaction if the alcohol is tertiary. [2] Milder conditions have been used successfully with transition metal-based and Lewis acid catalysts (for example, Ru-[11] and Ag-based [12] catalysts).
Thioacetic acid is an organosulfur compound with the molecular formula CH 3 C(O)SH. It is a thioic acid: the sulfur analogue of acetic acid (CH 3 C(O)OH), as implied by the thio-prefix. It is a yellow liquid with a strong thiol-like odor. It is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of thiol groups (−SH) in molecules. [4]
Levi and Zanetti extended the Knorr synthesis in 1894 to the use of acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione) in reaction with ethyl 2-oximinoacetoacetate. The result was ethyl 4-acetyl-3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate, where "OEt" = R 1 = R 3 = Me, and R 2 = COOEt. [9] The 4-acetyl group could easily be converted to a 4-ethyl group by Wolff-Kishner ...
The conversion of methyl acetate back into its components, by an acid, is a first-order reaction with respect to the ester. The reaction of methyl acetate and a base, for example sodium hydroxide, is a second-order reaction with respect to both reactants. Methyl acetate is a Lewis base that forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids.