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This force is balanced by the electron degeneracy pressure keeping the star stable. [4] In metals, the positive nuclei are partly ionized and spaced by normal interatomic distances. Gravity has negligible effect; the positive ion cores are attracted to the negatively charged electron gas. This force is balanced by the electron degeneracy pressure.
While degeneracy pressure usually dominates at extremely high densities, it is the ratio between degenerate pressure and thermal pressure which determines degeneracy. Given a sufficiently drastic increase in temperature (such as during a red giant star's helium flash ), matter can become non-degenerate without reducing its density.
This pressure is known as the degeneracy pressure. In this sense, systems composed of fermions are also referred as degenerate matter . Standard stars avoid collapse by balancing thermal pressure ( plasma and radiation) against gravitational forces.
Quantum-mechanical electron degeneracy pressure in a block of copper [83] 48 GPa Detonation pressure of pure CL-20, [84] the most powerful high explosive in mass production 69 GPa 10,000,000 psi Highest water jet pressure attained in research lab [85] 96 GPa Pressure at which metallic oxygen forms (960,000 bar) [81] 10 11 Pa
This pressure is called the electron degeneracy pressure and does not come from repulsion or motion of the electrons but from the restriction that no more than two electrons (due to the two values of spin) can occupy the same energy level. This pressure defines the compressibility or bulk modulus of the metal [Ashcroft & Mermin 8]
Vapor pressure. P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k ... Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals. [58] The alloy of copper and ...
The Jahn–Teller effect is most often encountered in octahedral complexes of the transition metals. [2] The phenomenon is very common in six-coordinate copper (II) complexes. [ 3 ] The d 9 electronic configuration of this ion gives three electrons in the two degenerate e g orbitals, leading to a doubly degenerate electronic ground state.
Values are given in terms of temperature necessary to reach the specified pressure. Valid results within the quoted ranges from most equations are included in the table for comparison. A conversion factor is included into the original first coefficients of the equations to provide the pressure in pascals (CR2: 5.006, SMI: -0.875).