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The seven gifts are found in the Book of Isaiah [4] 11:1–2, a passage which refers to the characteristics of a Messianic figure empowered by the "Spirit of the Lord". [5] The Greek and Hebrew versions of the Bible differ slightly in how the gifts are enumerated.
In Christian tradition, the seven heavenly virtues combine the four cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude with the three theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity. The seven capital virtues, also known as seven lively virtues, contrary or remedial virtues, are those opposite the seven deadly sins.
The cardinal virtues are four virtues of mind and character in classical philosophy. They are prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. They form a virtue theory of ethics. The term cardinal comes from the Latin cardo (hinge); [1] these four virtues are called "cardinal" because all other virtues fall under them and hinge upon them. [2]
Aquinas says "Faith has the character of a virtue, not because of the things it believes, for faith is of things that appear not, but because it adheres to the testimony of one in whom truth is infallibly found". [7] [8] Aquinas further connected the theological virtues with the cardinal virtues.
Cardinal and Theological Virtues a 1511 portrait by Raphael. A virtue (Latin: virtus) is a trait of excellence, including traits that may be moral, social, or intellectual.. The cultivation and refinement of virtue is held to be the "good of humanity" and thus is valued as an end purpose of life or a foundational principle of be
Fortitude and courage are distinguishable in that fortitude is the mental or emotional strength that enables courage in the face of adversity. [56] According to Presbyterian theologian William Swan Plumer , "There is also, in strict propriety of language, a difference between courage and fortitude.
Many of these attributes only say what God is not – for example, saying he is immutable is saying that he does not change. The attributes of God may be classified under two main categories: His infinite powers. His personality attributes, like holiness and love. Millard Erickson calls these categories God's greatness and goodness respectively ...
Constance and Fortitude in Vienna. Early modern statues with classical iconography. Personification as an artistic device is easier to discuss when belief in the personification as an actual spiritual being has died down; [13] this seems to have happened in the ancient Graeco-Roman world, probably even before Christianisation. [14]