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  2. Latitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude

    Definition of the parametric latitude (β) on the ellipsoid. The parametric latitude or reduced latitude, β, is defined by the radius drawn from the centre of the ellipsoid to that point Q on the surrounding sphere (of radius a) which is the projection parallel to the Earth's axis of a point P on the ellipsoid at latitude ϕ.

  3. 30th parallel north - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_parallel_north

    The 30th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 30 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.It stands one-third of the way between the equator and the North Pole and crosses Africa, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Geodetic coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_coordinates

    Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).

  5. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    The following equations (Iyanaga 1977) assume that the colatitude θ is the inclination from the positive z axis, as in the physics convention discussed. The line element for an infinitesimal displacement from (r, θ, φ) to (r + dr, θ + dθ, φ + dφ) is = ^ + ^ + ⁡ ^, where ...

  6. Longitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude

    A geographical mile is defined to be the length of one minute of arc along the equator (one equatorial minute of longitude) therefore a degree of longitude along the equator is exactly 60 geographical miles or 111.3 kilometers, as there are 60 minutes in a degree. The length of 1 minute of longitude along the equator is 1 geographical mile or 1 ...

  7. 30th parallel south - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_parallel_south

    The 30th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 30 degrees south of the Earth's equator.It stands one-third of the way between the equator and the South Pole and crosses Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australia, the Pacific Ocean, South America and the Atlantic Ocean.

  8. Magnetic declination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_declination

    On the topographic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for example, a diagram shows the relationship between magnetic north in the area concerned (with an arrow marked "MN") and true north (a vertical line with a five-pointed star at its top), with a label near the angle between the MN arrow and the vertical line, stating the size of the ...

  9. Azimuth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth

    For example, a bearing might be described as "(from) south, (turn) thirty degrees (toward the) east" (the words in brackets are usually omitted), abbreviated "S30°E", which is the bearing 30 degrees in the eastward direction from south, i.e. the bearing 150 degrees clockwise from north.