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Vertical cross-sectional view, along a plane perpendicular to the fault plane, illustrating normal and reverse dip-slip faults. Dip-slip faults can be either normal ("extensional") or reverse. The terminology of "normal" and "reverse" comes from coal mining in England, where normal faults are the most common. [20]
Dip is defined as the angle of the fault relative to the surface of the earth, which indicates the plane on which slip will occur. Lastly, in any non-vertical fault, the block above the fault is called the hanging wall, while the blockbelow the fault is called the footwall. [4] Normal and reverse dip-slip faults with labeled hanging wall and ...
They are normal fault, reverse fault (thrust fault) and strike-slip fault. These different faulting behaviours accommodate the displacement in distinct structural ways. The differences in faulting motions might favour or disfavour certain permeability altering mechanisms to occur. [1]
Normal fault: Active: 2020 Salt Lake City (M5.7) Wellington Fault ... Oblique-reverse (sinstral) Active: 1952 Kern County (M7.5) Whittier Fault: California, United ...
A thrust fault is a type of reverse fault, in which the rock above the fault is displaced upwards relative to the rock below the fault. This distinguishes reverse faults from normal faults, where the rock above the fault is displaced downwards, or strike-slip faults, where the rock on one side of the fault is displaced horizontally with respect ...
Strike-slip faults are associated with dominantly horizontal movement, leading to relatively simple linear zones of surface rupture where the fault is a simple planar structure. However, many strike-slip faults are formed of overlapping segments, leading to complex zones of normal or reverse faulting depending on the nature of the overlap.
Rifts are linear zones of localized crustal extension. They range in width from somewhat less than 100 km up to several hundred km, consisting of one or more normal faults and related fault blocks. [2] In individual rift segments, one polarity (i.e. dip direction) normally dominates, giving a half-graben geometry. [6]
With crustal extension, a series of normal faults which occur in groups, form in close proximity and dipping in opposite directions. [4] As the crust extends it fractures in series of fault planes, some blocks sink down due to gravity, creating long linear valleys or basins also known as grabens, while the blocks remaining up or uplifted produce mountains or ranges, also known as horsts.