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The compression ratio of the micropump as one of the critical performance indicator is defined as the ratio between the stroke volume, i.e. fluid volume displaced by the pump membrane over the course of the pump cycle, and the dead volume, i.e. the minimum fluid volume remaining in the pump chamber in pumping mode. [15]
Electroosmotic pumps are fabricated from silica nanospheres [6] [7] or hydrophilic porous glass, the pumping mechanism is generated by an external electric field applied on an electric double layer (EDL), generates high pressures (e.g., more than 340 atm (34 MPa) at 12 kV applied potentials) and high flow rates (e.g., 40 ml/min at 100 V in a pumping structure less than 1 cm 3 in volume).
An efflux pump is an active transporter in cells that moves out unwanted material. Efflux pumps are an important component in bacteria in their ability to remove antibiotics. [ 1 ] The efflux could also be the movement of heavy metals, organic pollutants, plant-produced compounds, quorum sensing signals, bacterial metabolites and ...
The biological pump is not so much the result of a single process, but rather the sum of a number of processes each of which can influence biological pumping. Overall, the pump transfers about 10.2 gigatonnes of carbon every year into the ocean's interior and a total of 1300 gigatonnes carbon over an average 127 years. [3]
The biosolids can be collected for further processing, or dried and used as fertilizer. An extremely simple version of a sewage bioreactor is a septic tank whereby the sewage is left in situ, with or without additional media to house bacteria. In this instance, the biosludge itself is the primary host for the bacteria. [citation needed]
The Liquid3 algal photobioreactor is powered by solar panels. The glass tank is embedded into a structure that acts as a bench and is outfitted with other utilities such as charging ports. Similar to other photobioreactors, air is sucked through a pressure pump and fed to the microalgae, with oxygen released as a byproduct.
Microgeneration technologies include small-scale wind turbines, micro hydro, solar PV systems, microbial fuel cells, ground source heat pumps, and micro combined heat and power installations. [1] These technologies are often combined to form a hybrid power solution that can offer superior performance and lower cost than a system based on one ...
Cleaning and soaking of the membranes can be undertaken in situ with the use of an installed cleaning tank, pump, and pipework. The quality of the final product is such that it can be reused in process applications due to the filtration capacity of the micro- and ultrafiltration membranes.