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  2. Electron counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting

    Atoms are called "electron-deficient" when they have too few electrons as compared to their respective rules, or "hypervalent" when they have too many electrons. Since these compounds tend to be more reactive than compounds that obey their rule, electron counting is an important tool for identifying the reactivity of molecules.

  3. List of equations in nuclear and particle physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equations_in...

    Number of atoms N = Number of atoms remaining at time t. N 0 = Initial number of atoms at time t = 0 N D = Number of atoms decayed at time t = + dimensionless dimensionless Decay rate, activity of a radioisotope: A = Bq = Hz = s −1 [T] −1: Decay constant: λ = /

  4. Effective atomic number (compounds and mixtures) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_atomic_number...

    Such methods include (i) a simple mass-weighted average, (ii) a power-law type method with some (very approximate) relationship to radiation interaction properties or (iii) methods involving calculation based on interaction cross sections. The latter is the most accurate approach (Taylor 2012), and the other more simplified approaches are often ...

  5. d electron count - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_electron_count

    The d electron count or number of d electrons is a chemistry formalism used to describe the electron configuration of the valence electrons of a transition metal center in a coordination complex. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The d electron count is an effective way to understand the geometry and reactivity of transition metal complexes.

  6. Coordination number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_number

    The structure is quite complex, the oxygen atoms are coordinated to four iron atoms and the iron atoms in turn share vertices, edges and faces of the distorted octahedra. [12] TiO 2 has the rutile structure. The titanium atoms 6-coordinate, 2 atoms at 198.3 pm and 4 at 194.6 pm, in a slightly distorted octahedron.

  7. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

    When Be is bonded with 2 other atoms, or when B and Al are bonded with 3 other atoms, they do not form full valence shells. Assume single bonds and use the actual bond number to calculate lone pairs. Expanded Octet (only occurs for elements in Groups 3-8) Bond calculation will provide too few bonds for the number of atoms in the molecule.

  8. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

    The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In methane, carbon has a valence of 4; in ammonia, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1.

  9. Electron density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_density

    Mulliken population analysis is based on electron densities in molecules and is a way of dividing the density between atoms to give an estimate of atomic charges. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and deep inelastic scattering , as well as other high energy particle experiments, high energy electrons interacts with the electron cloud to ...

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