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Hypercapnia (from the Greek hyper, "above" or "too much" and kapnos, "smoke"), also known as hypercarbia and CO 2 retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.
A third paradigm is: tachypnea is abnormally rapid and shallow respiration (though some may argue this is inaccurate as breathing differs from respiration), hyperventilation is increased rate or depth of respiration to abnormal levels causing decreased levels of blood carbon dioxide and hyperpnea is any increase in breathing rate or depth that ...
With each of the newborn's breaths, blood perfuses the pulmonary capillary beds and undergoes oxygenation before exiting the lungs via the pulmonary veins and returning to the heart. Thus, as more blood flows through the pulmonary circulation, there will be a higher volume of blood returning to the left atrium from the lungs.
Transient tachypnea of the newborn occurs in approximately 1 in 100 preterm infants and 3.6–5.7 per 1000 term infants. It is most common in infants born by caesarian section without a trial of labor after 35 weeks of gestation. Male infants and infants with an umbilical cord prolapse or perinatal asphyxia are at higher risk.
Hypercarbia (too much carbon dioxide in the blood) may contribute to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. [22] Monitoring the level of carbon dioxide in neonatal infants to ensure that the level is not too high or too low is important for improving outcomes for neonates in intensive care. [23]
Ventilation facilitates respiration. Respiration refers to the utilization of oxygen and balancing of carbon dioxide by the body as a whole, or by individual cells in cellular respiration. [1] The most important function of breathing is the supplying of oxygen to the body and balancing of the carbon dioxide levels.
Hyperventilation is irregular breathing that occurs when the rate or tidal volume of breathing eliminates more carbon dioxide than the body can produce. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This leads to hypocapnia , a reduced concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood.
Causes may include heart failure, kidney failure, narcotic poisoning, intracranial pressure, and hypoperfusion of the brain (particularly of the respiratory center). The pathophysiology of Cheyne–Stokes breathing can be summarized as apnea leading to increased CO 2 which causes excessive compensatory hyperventilation, in turn causing decreased CO 2 which causes apnea, restarting the cycle.