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Benzodiazepines have a unique history in that they were responsible for the largest-ever class-action lawsuit against drug manufacturers in the United Kingdom, involving 14,000 patients and 1,800 law firms that alleged the manufacturers knew of the dependence potential but intentionally withheld this information from doctors.
Leo Sternbach (May 7, 1908 – September 28, 2005) was a Polish American chemist who is credited with first synthesizing benzodiazepines, the main class of minor tranquilizers. [ 1 ] Background and family
In 1858 Dr. M. Sales Giron invented the first pressurized inhaler. Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it phenylisopropylamine ; [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently resynthesized by Gordon Alles and reported to have ...
In suicides when benzodiazepines were implicated, the benzodiazepines flunitrazepam and nitrazepam occurred in significantly higher concentrations compared to natural deaths. Of the 159 deaths where any benzodiazepines were found, 4 deaths were caused by benzodiazepines alone (in the other 155 cases, benzodiazepines were combined with something ...
It was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesized and the discovery of chlordiazepoxide was by pure chance. [6] Chlordiazepoxide and other benzodiazepines were initially accepted with widespread public approval, but were followed with widespread public disapproval and recommendations for more restrictive medical guidelines for its use. [7]
During this time, a total of 52% of drug forgeries were for benzodiazepines, suggesting they were a major prescription drug class of abuse. [ 40 ] However, due to its slow rate of absorption and its slow onset of action, [ 30 ] oxazepam has a relatively low potential for abuse compared to some other benzodiazepines, such as temazepam ...
Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), sold under the brand names Aptiom and Zebinix among others, is an anticonvulsant medication approved for use in Europe and the United States as monotherapy or as additional therapy for partial-onset seizures epilepsy. [6] [4] [3] Similarly to oxcarbazepine, ESL behaves as a prodrug to (S)-(+)-licarbazepine. [7]
The use of benzodiazepines by street-drug abusers was part of a polydrug abuse pattern, but many of those entering treatment facilities were declaring temazepam as their main drug of abuse. Temazepam was the most commonly used benzodiazepine in a study, published 1994, of injecting drug users in seven cities, and had been injected from ...