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High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) is a network protocol for Ethernet that provides seamless failover against failure of any single network component. PRP and HSR are independent of the application-protocol and can be used by most Industrial Ethernet protocols in the IEC 61784 suite.
The file transfer protocol within UUCP is the "g" protocol. [101] MODEM7: Mark M. Zeigler, James K. Mills: 1980: Slight extension of XMODEM to add filename support and batch transfers. [102] XMODEM: Ward Christensen: 1977: Public domain: Very simple protocol that saw widespread use and provided the pattern for many following protocols. [103 ...
In a neural network, batch normalization is achieved through a normalization step that fixes the means and variances of each layer's inputs. Ideally, the normalization would be conducted over the entire training set, but to use this step jointly with stochastic optimization methods, it is impractical to use the global information.
Initial versions were developed and tested on very high-speed networks (1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, etc.); however, recent versions of the protocol have been updated to support the commodity Internet as well. For example, the protocol now supports rendezvous connection setup, which is a desirable feature for traversing NAT firewalls using UDP.
Modern hard drives feature an ability to recover from some read/write errors by internally remapping sectors and performing other forms of self-test and recovery. The process for this can sometimes take several seconds or (under heavy usage) minutes, during which time the drive is unresponsive.
The Transmission Control Protocol uses a variant of Go-Back-N ARQ to ensure reliable transmission of data over the Internet Protocol, which does not provide guaranteed delivery of packets; with Selective Acknowledgement (SACK), it uses Selective Repeat ARQ. IEEE 802.11 wireless networking uses ARQ retransmissions at the data-link layer. [1]
In computer networking and distributed databases, the three-phase commit protocol (3PC) [1] is a distributed algorithm that ensures all nodes in a system agree to commit or abort a transaction. It improves upon the two-phase commit protocol (2PC) by eliminating the possibility of indefinite blocking caused by a specific type of failure during ...
A dropout is a momentary loss of signal in a communications system, usually caused by noise, propagation anomalies, or system malfunctions. For analog signals, a dropout is frequently gradual and partial, depending on the cause. For digital signals, dropouts are more pronounced, usually being sudden and complete, due to the cliff effect.