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2.00 98 Teacher Reinforcement 1.2 Learner Feedback-corrective (mastery learning) 1.00 84 Teacher Cues and explanations 1.00 Teacher, Learner Student classroom participation 1.00 Learner Student time on task 1.00 Learner Improved reading/study skills 1.00 Home environment / peer group Cooperative learning: 0.80 79 Teacher Homework (graded) 0.80
[2] In the social sciences, a result may be considered statistically significant if its confidence level is of the order of a two-sigma effect (95%), while in particle physics and astrophysics, there is a convention of requiring statistical significance of a five-sigma effect (99.99994% confidence) to qualify as a discovery. [3]
In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation of the values of a variable about its mean. [1] A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value ) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.
The standard deviation of the distribution is (sigma). A random variable with a Gaussian distribution is said to be normally distributed , and is called a normal deviate . Normal distributions are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not ...
Random variables are usually written in upper case Roman letters, such as or and so on. Random variables, in this context, usually refer to something in words, such as "the height of a subject" for a continuous variable, or "the number of cars in the school car park" for a discrete variable, or "the colour of the next bicycle" for a categorical variable.
In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the value of the ...
When σ 2 ≠σ 1 the constant A is different from the constant of normal distribution. However, when = = the constants are equal. The sign of its third central moment is determined by the difference (σ 2-σ 1). If this difference is positive, the distribution is skewed to the right and if negative, then it is skewed to the left.
The Smearing retransformation is used in regression analysis, after estimating the logarithm of a variable. Estimating the logarithm of a variable instead of the variable itself is a common technique to more closely approximate normality.