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For example, pK a for HClO is 7.2, for HClO 2 is 2.0, for HClO 3 is −1 and HClO 4 is a strong acid (pK a ≪ 0). [7] The increased acidity on adding an oxo group is due to stabilization of the conjugate base by delocalization of its negative charge over an additional oxygen atom. [ 47 ]
In Minnesota, non-alcoholic beer (less than 0.5% ABV) does not fit in the category that the state defines as an alcoholic beverage and can be purchased by those under the legal drinking age. [45] In Wisconsin, the law does not regulate non-alcoholic beer (less than 0.5% ABV), which can be purchased without any age restriction. [46]
Later the meaning of alcohol was extended to distilled substances in general, and then narrowed again to ethanol, when "spirits" was a synonym for hard liquor. [ 14 ] Paracelsus and Libavius both used the term alcohol to denote a fine powder, the latter speaking of an alcohol derived from antimony.
This can cause false negative results when testing urine ketones as they only measure acetoacetate. Ethanol level are often low or negative despite a chronic alcohol use history. [ 6 ] Electrolyte disturbances may include hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia may also be present.
With a diet of only solute-poor beer, only about 200–300 mOSM (normal 750 mOSM to greater than 900 mOSM) of solute will be excreted per day, capping the amount of free water excretion at 4 L (0.88 imp gal; 1.1 US gal). Any intake above 4 L would lead to a dilution of the serum sodium concentration and thus hyponatremia.
This reduced sensitivity to the physical effects of alcohol consumption requires that higher quantities of alcohol be consumed in order to achieve the same effects as before tolerance was established. Alcohol tolerance may lead to (or be a sign of) alcohol dependence. [1] Heavy alcohol consumption over a period of years can lead to "reverse ...
The concentration of alcohol in a beverage is usually stated as the percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV, the number of milliliters (ml) of pure ethanol in 100 ml of beverage) or as proof. In the United States, proof is twice the percentage of alcohol by volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g. 80 proof = 40% ABV).
Attenuation can range between 0.33 and 0.80, but is usually 0.75. [ 2 ] Because fermentation produces ethanol, which has a lower density than water (gravity of 0.787 at 25°C [ 3 ] ), the apparent attenuation overestimates the actual percentage of sugars consumed. [ 4 ]