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A History of the Athenian Constitution. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814213-7. Manville, B.; Ober, Josiah (2003). A company of citizens : what the world's first democracy teaches leaders about creating great organizations. Boston. Meier C. 1998, Athens: a portrait of the city in its Golden Age (translated by R. and R. Kimber). New York; Ober, Josiah (1989).
During his early career, Caesar had seen how chaotic and dysfunctional the Roman Republic had become. The republican machinery had broken down under the weight of imperialism, the central government had become powerless, the provinces had been transformed into independent principalities under the absolute control of their governors, and the army had replaced the constitution as the means of ...
The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of uncodified norms and customs which, [1] together with various written laws, [2] guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic. The constitution emerged from that of the Roman kingdom , evolved substantively and significantly – almost to the point of unrecognisability [ 3 ] – over ...
Untouchability is a form of social institution that legitimises and enforces practices that are discriminatory, humiliating, exclusionary and exploitative against people belonging to certain social groups. Although comparable forms of discrimination are found all over the world, untouchability involving the caste system is largely unique to ...
Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, ostensibly making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived in Aristotle's Politics as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny. The idea was popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the ...
Between his crossing of the Rubicon in 49 BC, and his assassination in 44 BC, Caesar established a new constitution, which was intended to accomplish three separate goals. [82] First, he wanted to suppress all armed resistance out in the provinces, and thus bring order back to the empire. Second, he wanted to create a strong central government ...
An ex post facto law[1] is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law. In criminal law, it may criminalize actions that were legal when committed; it may aggravate a crime by bringing it into a more severe category than it was ...
Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly. Tinted etching of Louis XVI of France, 1792. The caption refers to Louis's capitulation to the National Assembly, and concludes "The same Louis XVI who bravely waits until his fellow citizens return to their hearths to plan a secret war and extract his revenge." The French Revolution was a period in the ...