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Hoffmann, with his knowledge of the language and customs of the Mundas (in particular their ancestral land rights) proposed to the authorities a scheme for a change of the law, that would respect and give legal weight to traditional (non-written) tribal law. It was clear to his eyes that most of the complaints made by the rebellion were legitimate.
Jesuit priest John-Baptist Hoffmann (1857–1928) studied the language, customs, religion and life of the Munda people, publishing the first Mundari language grammar in 1903. With the help of Menas Orea, Hoffmann published the 15-volume Encyclopaedia Mundarica .
Munda-speaking people have high amount of East Asian paternal lineages O1b1 (~75%) and D1a1 (~6%), which is absent from other Indian groups. They found that the modern Munda-speaking people have about 29% East/Southeast Asian , 15.5% West Asian and 55.5% South Asian ancestry on average.
Only a small number still speak their original Koda language, which belongs to the Munda family. Kora culture follows a "cline," where those who live further east follow more Hindu customs, while those further west follow more traditionally tribal customs. The Kora family structure is mostly nuclear. Marriage with same exogamous gotra is ...
In Chotanagpur, the term kol generally applied to Munda and Oraon. Oraon and Munda celebrate the same festivals, but they don't intermarry among themselves. [5] [6] Later, Colonel Dalton classified Oraon as Dravidian and Munda, along with other Kols such as Ho, Bhumij as Kolarian after observing their customs and traditions which were distinct. [7]
The Soras speak Sora, a Munda language. However, written language in Sora is not followed by all. They practice shifting cultivation, with a few gradually taking up settled agriculture. They are of medium or short stature. The Savara villages consist of houses with mud walls and sedge grass roofs, usually situated in foothills.
The Santal (or Santhal) are an Austroasiatic-speaking Munda ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent. [7] Santals are the largest tribe in the Jharkhand and West Bengal in terms of population and are also found in the states of Odisha, Bihar, Assam and Tripura.
About 25% of the Munda people and Oraon people, and 60% of the Kharia people of Jharkhand (population about 130,000), are Christian. Altogether, 43% of Kharia population is Hindu while 46% is Christian. However, almost two-thirds (63%) of the Santhal, over 40% of Munda and Ho tribal population are Hindus.