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There are four main techniques used today in the UK and mainland Europe for copper cladding [1] [2] a building: seamed-cladding (typically 0.7 mm thick copper sheet on the facade): max 600 mm by 4000 mm 'seam centres'. shingle-cladding (typically made from 0.7 mm thick copper sheet): max 600 mm by 4000 mm 'seam centres'.
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel- reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving ( see below ).
Cinder block or concrete block; Noxer block; Stone dry stacked or mortar set; Urbanite – broken-up concrete; Category:Masonry. Category:Bricks; also: "Concrete Masonry Units" (CMU) Category:Stone (material) Metals. Structural steel: I-beam and column; Rebar; Wire rope and cables; Metal joist, decking, framing, trusses; Metal fabrications
The precast concrete slab has tubular voids extending the full length of the slab, typically with a diameter equal to the 2/3–3/4 the thickness of the slab. This makes the slab much lighter than a massive solid concrete floor slab of equal thickness or strength. The reduced weight also lowers material and transportation costs.
Waffle slabs are preferred for spans greater than 40 feet (12 m), because, for a given mass of concrete, they are much stronger than flat slabs, flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs, one-way slabs, and one-way joist slabs. [2] Section of a waffle slab including beam, ribs, and column head
And copper recycling requires only around 20% of the energy needed to extract and process primary metal. Currently, around 40% of Europe's annual copper demand [44] and about 55% of copper used in architecture [11] come from recycled sources. New copper coil and sheet often have 75%-100% recycled content.
Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable is a variety of electrical cable made from copper conductors inside a copper sheath, insulated by inorganic magnesium oxide powder. The name is often abbreviated to MICC or MI cable, and colloquially known as pyro (because the original manufacturer and vendor for this product in the UK was a company called ...
The overall mass of concrete can be reduced by 35–50% depending on the design, [1] as a consequence of reduced slab mass, as well as lower requirements for vertical structure and foundations. Biaxial slabs commonly span up to 20 metres at a thickness of around 500 mm. [ citation needed ] The added strength also reduces the acoustic ...
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