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Inspection may be manual, conducted by an inspector using imaging equipment, or automated using machine vision. [citation needed] Since the similarity of materials between weld and workpiece, and between good and defective areas, provides little inherent contrast, the latter usually requires methods other than simple imaging.
The main part of the welder's test consists of welding one or more test coupons which are then examined using non-destructive and destructive methods. The extent of certification is described by a number of variables, which include the specific welding process, type of deposited metal, thickness, joint design, position, backing, and others.
Its use is mainly limited to joint fit-up and detecting surface breaking flaws. It can be done as an in-process inspection, while the welding is occurring, or on the completed weld. In-process inspections can show problems with the weld such as discoloration, indicating thermal degradation, bubbles, scratches, and weld bead problems.
Standard Number Description API RP 577: Welding Inspection and Metallurgy API RP 582: Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries API 1104: Welding of pipelines and related facilities API 1169: Basic Inspection Requirements for New Pipeline Construction
The Canadian Welding Bureau, through CSA Standards W47.1, [3] W47.2 [4] and W186, [5] specifies both a WPS and a Welding Procedure Data Sheet (WPDS) to provide direction to the welding supervisor, welders and welding operators. The WPS provides general information on the welding process and material grouping being welded, while the WPDS ...
A PMCS check is required before, during, and after a piece of equipment or vehicle is used. Checks are also done at weekly, monthly, semi-annual, annual, or bi-annual intervals, depending on the specific part. [1] Doing a PMCS check every time equipment is used may reduce the number of failures.
Risk-based inspection (RBI) is an optimal maintenance business process used to examine equipment such as pressure vessels, quick-opening closure - doors, heat exchangers, and piping in industrial plants. RBI is a decision-making methodology for optimizing inspection plans.
Example checklist. While the check sheets discussed above are all for capturing and categorizing observations, the checklist is intended as a mistake-proofing aid when carrying out multi-step procedures, particularly during the checking and finishing of process outputs. This type of check sheet consists of the following: