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Hyoscine butylbromide, also known as scopolamine butylbromide [4] and sold under the brandname Buscopan among others, [5] is an anticholinergic medication used to treat abdominal pain, esophageal spasms, bladder spasms, biliary colic, [6] and renal colic.
Many patients will not develop these side effects, although there is still a significant possibility of risks associated with Antipsychotic usage. The percentage of patients affected by side effects like Tardive dyskinesia is significantly high and estimated to be a 20-50% prevalence. [1] [2]
The effects of scopolamine were studied for use as a truth serum in interrogations in the early 20th century, [62] but because of the side effects, investigations were dropped. [63] In 2009, the Czechoslovak state security secret police were proven to have used scopolamine at least three times to obtain confessions from alleged antistate ...
[81] [82] Concerns regarding the long-term effects of benzodiazepines have been raised since 1980. [83] These concerns are still not fully answered. A review in 2006 of the literature on use of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics concluded that more research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of hypnotic drugs. [84]
Long-term use may increase the risk of both cognitive and physical decline. [14] [15] It is unclear whether they affect the risk of death generally. [14] However, in older adults they do appear to increase the risk of death. [16] Possible effects of anticholinergics include:
However, a prolonged and severe withdrawal syndrome can cause profound disability, which may lead to breakdown of relationships, loss of employment, financial difficulties, as well as more serious adverse effects such as hospitalization and suicide. [48] As such, long-term users should not be forced to discontinue against their will. [25]
More research is needed on Ozempic long-term side effects. Some severe side effects with long-term consequences may include pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, gallstones, gallbladder disease ...
Muscarinic antagonist effects and muscarinic agonist effects counterbalance each other for homeostasis. Certain muscarinic antagonists can be classified into either long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) or short-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (SAMAs), depending on when maximum effect occurs and for how long the effect ...