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A motivation-enhancing drug, [2] [3] also known as a pro-motivational drug, [1] is a drug which increases motivation. [ 4 ] [ 1 ] Drugs enhancing motivation can be used in the treatment of motivational deficits , for instance in depression , schizophrenia , and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Drive reduction theory, developed by Clark Hull in 1943, is a major theory of motivation in the behaviorist learning theory tradition. [1] "Drive" is defined as motivation that arises due to a psychological or physiological need. [2] It works as an internal stimulus that motivates an individual to sate the drive. [3]
The optimal stimulation level (OSL) is the amount of stimulation individuals seek in life. [1] In theories which consider human actions will be affected by motivational tendencies, the concept that for achieving a favorable stimulation level, social practices stimulated by pure desire plays a significant role.
Motivational states explain why people or animals initiate, continue, or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. [2] Motivational states are characterized by the goal they aim for, as well as the intensity and duration of the effort devoted to the goal. [3] Motivational states have different degrees of strength.
The motivational effect of intracranial self-stimulation varies substantially depending on the placement site of the surgically implanted electrode during electrical stimulation, and animals will work to stimulate different neural sites depending on their current state. [14]
The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).
Incentive salience is a cognitive process that grants a "desire" or "want" attribute, which includes a motivational component to a rewarding stimulus. [1] [2] [3] [9] Reward is the attractive and motivational property of a stimulus that induces appetitive behavior – also known as approach behavior – and consummatory behavior. [3]
The mesolimbic pathway regulates incentive salience, motivation, reinforcement learning, and fear, among other cognitive processes. [14] [15] [16] The mesolimbic pathway is involved in motivational cognition. Depletion of dopamine in this pathway, or lesions at its site of origin, decrease the extent to which an animal is willing to go to ...