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World map of GMO agriculture (hectares) [1] The regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Lebanon and Egypt use substantial equivalence as the starting point when assessing safety, while many countries such as those in the European Union, Brazil and China authorize GMO cultivation on a case-by-case basis.
Venezuela banned genetically modified seeds in 2004, [11] in 2008, Ecuador prohibited genetically engineered crops and seeds in its 2008 Constitution, approved by 64% of the population in a referendum [12] (although Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa said in 2012 that this was "a mistake"). [13] Peru has banned transgenic crops. [13]
While GMOs have been approved since then, approvals remain controversial and various countries have utilized opt-out provisions. In 2006, the World Trade Organization ruled that the pre-2004 restrictions had been violations, [489] [490] although the ruling had little immediate effect since the moratorium had already been lifted.
In 1988, genetically modified microbial enzymes were first approved for use in food manufacture. Recombinant rennet was used in few countries in the 1990s. [3] Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when Calgene first marketed its unsuccessful Flavr Savr delayed-ripening tomato.
It is an international treaty that governs the transfer, handling, and use of genetically modified (GM) organisms. It is focussed on movement of GMOs between countries and has been called a de facto trade agreement. [12] One hundred and fifty-seven countries are members of the Protocol and many use it as a reference point for their own regulations.
The EU had a 'de facto' ban on the approval of new GM crops, from 1999 until 2004. [243] [244] GM crops are now regulated by the EU. [245] Developing countries grew 54 percent of genetically engineered crops in 2013. [1] In recent years GM crops expanded rapidly in developing countries. In 2013 approximately 18 million farmers grew 54% of ...
It will for example let countries ban imports of genetically modified organisms if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence that the product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically altered commodities such as corn or cotton.
On January 9, 2014, Maine’s governor signed a bill requiring labeling for foods made with GMO's, with a similar triggering mechanism as Connecticut's bill. [29] In May 2014 Vermont passed a law requiring labeling of food containing ingredients derived from genetically modified organisms. [30] [31] A federal judge ruled Maui's GMO ban invalid ...