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Weather reconnaissance aircraft, such as this WP-3D Orion, provide data that is then used in numerical weather forecasts.. The atmosphere is a fluid.As such, the idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future.
[6] Spread Component – Displays a value numerically equivalent to the predicted forward rate of spread of a head fire in feet per minute. It is a function of fuel model characteristics, live fuel moistures , the 0 to 3-inch (76 mm) dead fuel moisture (heavily weighted to the 1-hour timelag fuels), wind speed and slope class .
The index uses precipitation and temperature data to study moisture supply and demand using a simple water balance model. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was developed by meteorologist Wayne Palmer, who first published his method in the 1965 paper Meteorological Drought [ 4 ] for the Office of Climatology of the U.S. Weather Bureau .
It is a steel container 1.83 m (6 ft) on a side and 0.61 m (2 ft) deep, sunk into the ground with an above-ground rim of 7.6–10 centimetres (3.0–3.9 in) and is painted black internally. Its evaporation rate is lower than the Class A pan and conversion factors must be used. [8]
Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) is a satellite which forms part of ESA's Living Planet Programme. It is intended to provide new insights into Earth's water cycle and climate. In addition, it is intended to provide improved weather forecasting and monitoring of snow and ice accumulation. [3] [4] [5] [6]
On NOAA's HeatRisk tool, the scale ranges from 0 or green, meaning little or no risk from expected heat, to 4 or magenta, which indicates extreme and/or long-duration heat-related impacts.
Known for its glowing swaths of yellow, orange and red, the U.S. Drought Monitor has warned farmers, residents and officials throughout the nation of impending water scarcity every week since 1999
The model also serves as the boundary conditions for the higher-resolution High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model, that uses a 3 km (1.9 mi) grid spacing on a domain covering the continental United States. [1] [2] [3] The Rapid Refresh is run at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP).