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Esophageal Atresia with distal TEF (tracheoesophageal fistula) The lower esophageal pouch connects abnormally to the trachea. The upper esophageal pouch ends blindly. 86% Type D Type 3C V Esophageal Atresia with both proximal and distal TEFs (two tracheoesophageal fistulas) Both the upper and lower esophageal pouch make an abnormal connection ...
Tracheoesophageal fistula is suggested in a newborn by copious salivation associated with choking, coughing, vomiting, and cyanosis coincident with the onset of feeding. Esophageal atresia and the subsequent inability to swallow typically cause polyhydramnios in utero.
Type I is described as tracheal atresia, rather than tracheal agenesis. The trachea is absent proximally but there remains a short normal segment of the distal trachea. A tracheoesophageal fistula links the distal segment of the proto trachea to the oesophagus. It is estimated that 13% of cases of the disease are of type I. [2]
Esophageal atresia (EA) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by a lack of continuity between the lower and upper esophageal pouches, often associated with tracheoesophageal fistula. [7] Esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is the most common birth defect of the esophagus.
T - Tracheoesophageal fistula; E - Esophageal atresia; R - Renal (Kidney) and/or radial anomalies; L - Limb defects; Although it was not conclusive whether VACTERL should be defined by at least two or three component defects, [4] it is typically defined by the presence of at least three of the above congenital malformations. [5]
Imperforate anus is usually present along with other birth defects—spinal problems, heart problems, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, renal anomalies and limb anomalies are among the possibilities, collectively being called the VACTERL association. [8]
A — Anal atresia; C — Cardiovascular anomalies; T — Tracheoesophageal fistula; E — Esophageal atresia; R — Renal (Kidney) and/or radial anomalies; L — Limb defects; Ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), and tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) are the most common congenital heart defects seen in the VACTERL association. [19]
Developmental abnormalities of the tracheoesophageal septum can lead to a tracheoesophageal fistula. [6] This may be caused by certain mutations of genes involved in its development. [4] Other theories for the origin of tracheoesophageal fistula have been suggested. [7] [8] A laryngotracheal cleft is a related abnormality. [9]