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Esophageal atresia is a congenital medical condition (birth defect) that affects the alimentary tract. It causes the esophagus to end in a blind-ended pouch rather than connecting normally to the stomach .
Esophageal atresia (EA) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by a lack of continuity between the lower and upper esophageal pouches, often associated with tracheoesophageal fistula. [7] Esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is the most common birth defect of the esophagus .
Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (TO fistula or TOF) is seen in about 70 percent of patients with VACTERL association, although it can frequently occur as an isolated defect. 15 to 33 percent of patients with TO fistulas will also have congenital heart disease.
Esophageal diseases can derive from congenital conditions, or they can be acquired later in life. Many people experience a burning sensation in their chest occasionally, caused by stomach acids refluxing into the esophagus , normally called heartburn.
Imperforate anus is usually present along with other birth defects—spinal problems, heart problems, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, renal anomalies and limb anomalies are among the possibilities, collectively being called the VACTERL association.
A Replogle tube is a medical device used in the treatment of babies with esophageal atresia or other blockages of the gastro intestinal tract. It is a double-lumen tube which is inserted through the baby's nostril or mouth into the stomach (or blind-end pouch).
Bilateral choanal atresia can cause respiratory distress and, in most cases, arrest. [5] Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula can be deadly if they are left untreated. The latter causes an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea, which causes esophageal fluids to enter the airways and cause respiratory problems.
A — Anal atresia; C — Cardiovascular anomalies; T — Tracheoesophageal fistula; E — Esophageal atresia; R — Renal (Kidney) and/or radial anomalies; L — Limb defects; Ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), and tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) are the most common congenital heart defects seen in the VACTERL association. [19]