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The temporal area may be tender. [21] Decreased pulses may be found throughout the body [21] Evidence of ischemia may be noted on fundal exam. [21] Bruits may be heard over the subclavian and axillary arteries [21] Intermediate magnification micrograph showing giant cell arteritis in a temporal artery biopsy. The arterial lumen is seen on the left.
Temporal arteritis is an inflammatory disease of medium-sized blood vessels that happens especially with advancing age. AAION occurs in about 15-20 percent of patients with temporal arteritis. Damage to the blood vessels supplying the optic nerves leads to insufficient blood supply ( ischemia ) to the nerve and subsequent optic nerve fiber death.
Intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs have a low incidence of adverse side effects compared with intravitreal steroids, but are often requiring repeated injections. They are the treatment of choice for macular edema or neovascularization. The mechanism of action and duration of anti-VEGF effect on macular edema is currently unknown.
A temporal artery biopsy (TAB) can be performed to differentiate between the two disease states. [13] As the disease progresses, the arteriosclerosis results in the obstruction of normal blood flow, and potentially the formation of blood clots.
Possible secondary causes of cerebral vasculitis are infections such as with varicella zoster virus (chicken pox or shingles), systemic auto-immune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis, medications and drugs (amphetamine, cocaine and heroin), some forms of cancer (lymphomas, leukemia and lung cancer) and ...
The parietal branch of the superficial temporal artery (posterior temporal) is a small artery in the head.It is larger than the frontal branch and curves upward and backward on the side of the head, lying superficial to the temporal fascia; it joins with its fellow of the opposite side, and with the posterior auricular and occipital arteries.
Treatment of established disease may include medications to lower cholesterol such as statins, blood pressure medication, or medications that decrease clotting, such as aspirin. [6] Many procedures may also be carried out such as percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft, or carotid endarterectomy. [6]
Peripheral artery disease (PAD), or limb ischemia, affects the femoral, popliteal, or iliac arteries. [17] PAD is caused by atherosclerotic plaques that occlude blood flow to extremities. [ 5 ] Once blood flow is impeded, ischemic muscle cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism to cope with oxygen scarcity.