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A road verge is a strip of groundcover consisting of grass or garden plants, and sometimes also shrubs and trees, located between a roadway and a sidewalk. [1] Verges are known by dozens of other names such as grass strip , nature strip , curb strip , or park strip , the usage of which is often quite regional.
Road debris can be especially dangerous to bicyclists, who may have to travel outside the cycle lane and into traffic to avoid debris. Flooding can also occur if storm drains and street gutters are not kept clear of road debris and litter. Large quantities of water are sometimes thrown up from the road (road spray) by large vehicles, creating ...
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Roof runoff contributes high levels of synthetic organic compounds and zinc (from galvanized gutters). Fertilizer use on residential lawns, parks and golf courses is a measurable source of nitrates and phosphorus in urban runoff when fertilizer is improperly applied or when turf is over-fertilized.
Permeable pavers provide a solid ground surface, strong enough to take heavy loads, like large vehicles, while at the same time they allow water to filter through the surface and reach the underlying soils, mimicking natural ground absorption. [8] They can reduce downstream flooding and stream bank erosion, and maintain base flows in rivers to ...
Washboarding effect on a road. Washboarding or corrugation [1] is the formation of periodic, transverse ripples in the surface of gravel and dirt roads.Washboarding occurs in dry, granular road material [2] with repeated traffic, traveling at speeds above 8.0 kilometres per hour (5 mph). [3]
An arterial road or arterial thoroughfare is a road without controlled access that can carry a large volume of local traffic at a generally high speed, being below controlled-access highways in the hierarchy. Because their primary function is to connect collector roads (below) to controlled-access highways, some are considered limited-access roads.
The lower layer improved on Roman practice in that it was based on the understanding that the purpose of this layer (the sub-base or base course) is to transfer the weight of the road and its traffic to the ground, while protecting the ground from deformation by spreading the weight evenly. Therefore, the sub-base did not have to be a self ...