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Modern chirography [ edit ] Although, to a certain degree, modern widespread and efficient means of printing coupled with computer technology have pushed stylistic and complex handwriting techniques to the backdrop of linguistic aspects, the aforementioned practices remain in use often in the fields of academia for study.
The practice of separating the copies with an irregular cut also gave rise to the description of the documents as "indentures", since the edges would be said to be "indented". [4] In the post-medieval period, as legal documents grew in length and complexity, it became impractical to fit two duplicate texts onto a single sheet of parchment.
Chirography (from Greek χείρ, hand) is the study of writing by hand in all of its aspects. Chirography may also refer to: Penmanship, the technique of writing with the hand and a writing instrument; Calligraphy, the art of fancy lettering, the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner
Someone who studies chirography a machine patented in 1842 by Charles Thurber which was an early form of typewriter. "The officer appointed to 'engross fines' (chirographs), in the Court of Common Pleas (Abolished in 1833.)" ("chirographer, n.", Oxford English Dictionary)
Biology is the scientific study of life. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] For instance, all organisms are composed of at least one cell that processes hereditary information encoded in genes , which can be transmitted ...
These can be inorganic (for example, water and metal ions) or organic (for example, the amino acids, which are used to synthesize proteins). [7] The mechanisms used by cells to harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and ...
In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular taxon. In older usage (pre-1900 in botany), a type was a taxon ...
Cell Biology in "The Biology Project" of University of Arizona. Centre of the Cell online; The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, a collection of peer-reviewed still images, video clips and digital books that illustrate the structure, function and biology of the cell.