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In early and basic X-ray equipment, the applied voltage varies cyclically, with one, two, or more pulses per mains AC power cycle. One standard way to measure pulsating DC is its peak amplitude, hence kVp. Most modern X-ray generators apply a constant potential across the X-ray tube; in such systems, the kVp and the steady-state kV are identical.
For instance, a 100 kVp beam is produced by a 100 kV voltage applied to an X-ray tube and will have a maximum photon energy of 100 keV. However, the beam's spectrum can be affected by other factors as well, such as the voltage waveform and external X-ray filtration .
However, X-ray science has special terminology to describe the transition of electrons from upper to lower energy levels: traditional Siegbahn notation, or alternatively, simplified X-ray notation. In Siegbahn notation, when an electron falls from the L shell to the K shell, the X-ray radiation emitted is called a K-alpha (Kα) emission
Orthovoltage X-rays are produced by X-ray tubes operating at voltages in the 100–500 kV range, and therefore the X-rays have a peak energy in the 100–500 keV range. [1] Orthovoltage X-rays are sometimes termed "deep" X-rays (DXR). [ 2 ]
X-ray absorption (left) and differential phase-contrast (right) image of an in-ear headphone obtained with a grating interferometer at 60kVp. Phase-contrast X-ray imaging or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images.
Peak kilovoltage (kVp), a unit of radiation used in x-ray imaging; Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment, a defunct papermaking company that lent its name to Parchment, Michigan; Sídlisko KVP, one of the boroughs of the city of Košice, Slovakia
Projectional radiography, also known as conventional radiography, [1] is a form of radiography and medical imaging that produces two-dimensional images by X-ray radiation.The image acquisition is generally performed by radiographers, and the images are often examined by radiologists.
The term is based on X-ray notation, where the innermost electron shell is known as the K-shell. Physically, this sudden increase in attenuation is caused by the photoelectric absorption of the photons. For this interaction to occur, the photons must have more energy than the binding energy of the K-shell electrons (K-edge).