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The 4Kscore combines total, free, and intact PSA with human kallikrein 2. [46] It is used to try to determine the risk of a Gleason score greater than 6. [46] The Prostate Health Index (PHI) is a PSA-based blood test for early prostate cancer screening. It may be used to determine when a biopsy is needed.
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In men with prostate cancer, the ratio of free (unbound) PSA to total PSA is decreased. The risk of cancer increases if the free to total ratio is less than 25%. (See graph) The lower the ratio is, the greater the probability of prostate cancer. Measuring the ratio of free to total PSA appears to be particularly promising for eliminating ...
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PAP immunohistochemical staining is often used with PSA (staining), by pathologists, to help distinguish poorly differentiated carcinomas.For example, poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma (prostate cancer) and urothelial carcinoma (bladder cancer) may appear similar under the microscope, but PAP and PSA staining can help differentiate them; [7] prostate adenocarcinoma often stains ...
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High nucleus/cytoplasm ratio [1] "salt and pepper" chromatin [1] Nuclear molding [1] Necrosis of single cells, or geographic [1] Smearing artifacts [1] Half of cases have usual acinar components [1] Mucinous adenocarcinoma 0.2% [12] ≥25% of tumor shows extracellular mucin [1] Intraluminal mucinous material does not qualify [1] No ...
Serum total protein, also known as total protein, is a clinical chemistry parameter representing the concentration of protein in serum. [1] Serum contains many proteins including serum albumin, a variety of globulins, and many others. While it is possible to analyze these proteins individually, total protein is a relatively quick and ...