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Plant communication encompasses communication using volatile organic compounds, electrical signaling, and common mycorrhizal networks between plants and a host of other organisms such as soil microbes, [2] other plants [3] (of the same or other species), animals, [4] insects, [5] and fungi. [6]
The term sometimes is used for two traits in the same species affecting each other's evolution, as well as gene-culture coevolution. Charles Darwin mentioned evolutionary interactions between flowering plants and insects in On the Origin of Species (1859). Although he did not use the word coevolution, he suggested how plants and insects could ...
The earliest vascular plants initially formed on the planet about 425 million years ago, in the Devonian period of the early Paleozoic era. About every feeding method an animal might employ to consume plants had already been well-developed by the time the first herbivorous insects started consuming ferns during the Carboniferous epoch. [ 5 ]
In traditional agriculture, some plants have mutualistic relationships as companion plants, providing each other with shelter, soil fertility or natural pest control. For example, beans may grow up cornstalks as a trellis, while fixing nitrogen in the soil for the corn, a phenomenon that is used in Three Sisters farming. [42]
Neutralism (a term introduced by Eugene Odum) [22] describes the relationship between two species that interact but do not affect each other. Examples of true neutralism are virtually impossible to prove; the term is in practice used to describe situations where interactions are negligible or insignificant.
Plants, on the other hand, primarily engage in interference competition with their neighbors through allelopathy, or the production of biochemicals. [ 8 ] Interference competition can be seen as a strategy that has a clear cost (injury or death) and benefit (obtaining resources that would have gone to other organisms). [ 9 ]
Plant perception is the ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment by adjusting their morphology and physiology. [1] Botanical research has revealed that plants are capable of reacting to a broad range of stimuli, including chemicals, gravity, light, moisture, infections, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, parasite infestation, disease, physical disruption ...
A tropical plant community on Diego Garcia Rangeland monitoring using Parker 3-step Method, Okanagan Washington 2002. Plant ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology that studies the distribution and abundance of plants, the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of plants, and the interactions among plants and between plants and other organisms. [1]