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Conflict between the various European empires and the indigenous peoples was a leading dynamic in the Americas into the 1800s, although some parts of the continent gained their independence from Europe by then, countries such as the United States continued to fight against Native Americans and practiced settler colonialism.
Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies, but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe. One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France, especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley. [82]
986: Norsemen settle Greenland and Bjarni Herjólfsson sights coast of North America, but doesn't land (see also Norse colonization of the Americas). c. 1000: Norse settle briefly in L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. [4] c. 1450: Norse colony in Greenland dies out.
Upon European contact a native population between 30,000 and 60,000 was likely, led by a single chief called a Cacique. [18] Colonization resulted in the decimation of the local inhabitants due to the harsh Encomienda system and epidemics caused by Old World diseases. Puerto Rico would remain a part of Spain until American annexation in 1898.
The colony at L'Anse aux Meadows in Canada and the Maine Penny in the United States are the most reliable proof of Norse presence in America. [citation needed] 1095: Pope Urban II proclaims the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. 1099 Jerusalem: Christian European Crusaders storm Jerusalem and massacre its inhabitants.
With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent. At first only the imperial powers of Europe had the resources to support and expand settlements in North America. As time went on the colonies became more powerful and sought independence from the Old World.
[1] 1494 – The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the New World between the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal. 1496 – Santo Domingo, the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas, is settled. 1497 – First voyage of John Cabot, searching for the Northwest Passage. [1] 1498 – Vasco da Gama reaches India.
The British colonization of the Americas is the history of establishment of control, settlement, and colonization of the continents of the Americas by England, Scotland, and, after 1707, Great Britain. Colonization efforts began in the late 16th century with failed attempts by England to establish permanent colonies in the North.