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Septic shock is a result of a systemic response to infection or multiple infectious causes. The precipitating infections that may lead to septic shock if severe enough include but are not limited to appendicitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, diverticulitis, pyelonephritis, meningitis, pancreatitis, necrotizing fasciitis, MRSA and mesenteric ischemia.
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. [4] [7] This initial stage of sepsis is followed by suppression of the immune system. [8] Common signs and symptoms include fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and confusion. [1]
SIRS is also closely related to sepsis, in which patients satisfy criteria for SIRS and have a suspected or proven infection. [2] [3] [4] [7] Many experts consider the current criteria for a SIRS diagnosis to be overly sensitive, as nearly all (>90%) of patients admitted to the ICU meet the SIRS criteria. [8]
Eosinopenia is a possible laboratory finding in patients who present with COVID-19 and is associated with disease severity, though it is not pathognomonic. [3] One study found that 53% of patients admitted for COVID-19 had eosinopenia at time of admission; in another study of fatal COVID-19 cases, 81% of patients had eosinopenia. [ 8 ]
Laboratory investigations reveal signs of a bacterial infection with elevated C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cells (notably neutrophils). Platelet count can be low or high. Liver and kidney function tests are often abnormal. [citation needed] Thrombosis of the internal jugular vein can be displayed with ...
In adults, vulnerable groups include those with an artificial joint, prior arthritis, diabetes and poor immune function. [2] Diagnosis is generally based on accurate correlation between history-taking and clinical examination findings, and basic laboratory and imaging findings like joint ultrasound.
S. pneumoniae is a common member of the bacterial flora colonizing the nose and throat of 5–10% of healthy adults and 20–40% of healthy children. [2] However, it is also a cause of significant disease, being a leading cause of pneumonia , bacterial meningitis , and sepsis .
Aseptic meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, a membrane covering the brain and spinal cord, in patients whose cerebral spinal fluid test result is negative with routine bacterial cultures. Aseptic meningitis is caused by viruses , mycobacteria , spirochetes , fungi , medications , and cancer malignancies. [ 1 ]