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Sham surgery has been widely used in surgical animal models. Historically, studies in animals also allowed the removal or alteration of an organ; using sham-operated animals as control, deductions could be made about the function of the organ. Sham interventions can also be performed as controls when new surgical procedures are developed.
The ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) is a US system of medical classification used for procedural coding.The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the agency responsible for maintaining the inpatient procedure code set in the U.S., contracted with 3M Health Information Systems in 1995 to design and then develop a procedure classification system to replace Volume 3 of ICD-9-CM.
NOMESCO, the Nordic Medico-Statistical Committee, maintains codebooks for medical, surgical and radiological procedures termed NCMP, NCSP and NCRP respectively. They are used in member states of the Nordic Council, and to some extent in the Baltic states. OPCS-4 (used by the NHS in England) [5] OPS-301 (adaptation of ICPM used in Germany)
OPCS-4, or more formally OPCS Classification of Interventions and Procedures version 4, [1] is the procedural classification used by clinical coders within National Health Service (NHS) hospitals of NHS England, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales and Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland.
Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA or SHAM) is a drug that is a potent and irreversible enzyme inhibitor of the urease enzyme in various bacteria and plants; it is usually used for urinary tract infections. The molecule is similar to urea but is not hydrolyzable by urease; [ 1 ] it thus disrupts the bacteria's metabolism through competitive inhibition .
Detail from The Extraction of the Stone of Madness, a painting by Hieronymus Bosch depicting trepanation (c. 1488–1516). Trepanning, also known as trepanation, trephination, trephining or making a burr hole (the verb trepan derives from Old French from Medieval Latin trepanum from Greek trúpanon, literally "borer, auger"), [1] [2] is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or ...
Stereotactic surgery is a minimally invasive form of surgical intervention that makes use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation, biopsy, lesion, injection, stimulation, implantation, radiosurgery (SRS), etc.
Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) represents a surgical concept and set of methods, that use computer technology for surgical planning, and for guiding or performing surgical interventions. CAS is also known as computer-aided surgery , computer-assisted intervention , image-guided surgery , digital surgery and surgical navigation , but these are ...