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The conversion process is referred to as assembly, as in assembling the source code. The computational step when an assembler is processing a program is called assembly time. Because assembly depends on the machine code instructions, each assembly language [nb 1] is specific to a particular computer architecture. [11] [12] [13]
2 1: 2 0: 1 9: 1 8: 1 7: 1 6: 1 5: 1 4: 1 3: 1 2: 1 1: 1 0: 0 9: 0 8: 0 7: 0 6: 0 5: 0 4: 0 3: 0 2: 0 1: 0 0 (bit position) General purpose registers R1 R0 R3 R2 R5 ...
Machine code is generally different from bytecode (also known as p-code), which is either executed by an interpreter or itself compiled into machine code for faster (direct) execution. An exception is when a processor is designed to use a particular bytecode directly as its machine code, such as is the case with Java processors .
The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.
A translator using static binary translation aims to convert all of the code of an executable file into code that runs on the target architecture without having to run the code first, as is done in dynamic binary translation. This is very difficult to do correctly, since not all the code can be discovered by the translator.
The ATmega1280 and ATmega2560, with more pinout and memory capabilities, have also been employed to develop the Arduino Mega platform. Arduino boards can be used with its language and IDE, or with more conventional programming environments (C, assembler, etc.) as just standardized and widely available AVR platforms.
Project ButtLoad offers free plans to convert the Butterfly into a portable AVR-ISP for programming other AVR devices. [4] Several plans are available on the web to convert a Butterfly into an MP3 player. [5] C Programming for Microcontrollers, a book for learning to program AVRs using C, was written for the Butterfly as development platform ...
Compilers and assemblers are used to convert both high-level and assembly language code into a compact machine code for storage in the microcontroller's memory. Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be programmed at the factory, or it may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory.