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The rumen, also known as a paunch, is the largest stomach compartment in ruminants. [1] The rumen and the reticulum make up the reticulorumen in ruminant animals. [2]The diverse microbial communities in the rumen allows it to serve as the primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feed, which is often fiber-rich roughage typically indigestible by mammalian digestive systems.
Rumen fermentation produces large amounts of organic acids, thus maintaining the appropriate pH of rumen fluids is a critical factor in rumen fermentation. After digesta passes through the rumen, the omasum absorbs excess fluid so that digestive enzymes and acid in the abomasum are not diluted. [1]
The digestive tract of ruminants contains four major parts: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The food with saliva first passes to the rumen for breaking into smaller particles and then moves to the reticulum, where the food is broken into further smaller particles. Any indigestible particles are sent back to the rumen for rechewing.
Bacteria dominate the rumen microbiome; composition can change substantially with diet. [12] Cattle are ruminants, meaning their digestive system is highly specialized for processing plant material such as grass rich in cellulose, a tough carbohydrate polymer which many animals cannot digest
A cannula in a cow's side. A cannulated cow or fistulated cow refers to a cow that has been surgically fitted with a cannula. [1] A cannula acts as a porthole-like device that allows access to the rumen of a cow, to perform research and analysis of the digestive system and to allow veterinarians to transplant rumen contents from one cow to another.
In frothy bloat (primary ruminal tympany), the gas produced by fermentation is trapped within the fermenting material in the rumen, causing a build up of foam which cannot be released by burping. [3] In cattle, the disease may be triggered after an animal eats a large amount of easily fermenting plants, such as legumes , alfalfa , red clover ...
The ruminant digestive system. The omasum, also known as the green, [1] the fardel, [1] the manyplies [1] and the psalterium, [1] is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants.
In a mature cow, the reticulum can hold around 5 gallons of liquid. The rumen and reticulum are very close in structure and function and can be considered as one organ. They are separated only by a muscular fold of tissue. In immature ruminants, a reticular groove is formed by the muscular fold of the reticulum.