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The most common operation for SMA syndrome, duodenojejunostomy, was first proposed in 1907 by Bloodgood. [7] Performed as either an open surgery or laparoscopically, duodenojejunostomy involves the creation of an anastomosis between the duodenum and the jejunum, [23] bypassing the compression caused by the AA and the SMA. [1]
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disorder that results in the loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle wasting. [3] [4] [5] It is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood and if left untreated it is the most common genetic cause of infant death. [6]
Children with SMA type 1 were treated in the UK under a Biogen-funded expanded access programme; after enrolling 80 children, the scheme closed to new people in November 2018. [36] In May 2019, however, NICE reversed its stance and announced its decision to recommend nusinersen for use across a wide spectrum of SMA for a 5-year period.
The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system.
A canaliculus is an adaptation found on gastric parietal cells. It is a deep infolding, or little channel, which serves to increase the surface area, e.g. for secretion. The parietal cell membrane is dynamic; the numbers of canaliculi rise and fall according to secretory n
The gastric folds (or gastric rugae) are coiled sections of tissue that exist in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach. [1] They provide elasticity by allowing the stomach to expand when a bolus enters it. These folds stretch outward through the action of mechanoreceptors, which respond to the increase in pressure. [2]
British: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD); [1] gastric reflux disease, acid reflux disease, reflux, gastroesophageal reflux X-ray showing radiocontrast from the stomach (white material below diaphragm ) entering the esophagus (three vertical collections of white material in the mid-line of the chest) due to severe reflux
National examination in Indonesia. National Exam (Indonesian: Ujian Nasional, commonly abbreviated as UN or UNAS) [1] was a standard evaluation system of primary and secondary education in Indonesia and the determining factor of quality of education levels among the areas that are conducted by the Center for Educational Assessment of the Ministry of Education and Culture.