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The only exhaust gas from each stage is cold air, which can be as cold as −15 °C (5 °F); the cold air may be used for air conditioning in a car. [15] Additional heat can be supplied by burning fuel, as in 1904 for the Whitehead torpedo. [56] This improves the range and speed available for a given tank volume at the cost of the additional fuel.
The typical efficiency of TEGs is around 5–8%, although it can be higher. Older devices used bimetallic junctions and were bulky. More recent devices use highly doped semiconductors made from bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3), lead telluride (PbTe), [10] calcium manganese oxide (Ca 2 Mn 3 O 8), [11] [12] or combinations thereof, [13] depending on application temperature.
An automotive thermoelectric generator (ATEG) is a device that converts some of the waste heat of an internal combustion engine (IC) into electricity using the Seebeck Effect. A typical ATEG consists of four main elements: A hot-side heat exchanger , a cold-side heat exchanger, thermoelectric materials , and a compression assembly system.
The resulting current, typically several amperes per square centimeter of emitter surface, delivers electrical power to a load at a typical potential difference of 0.5–1 volt and thermal efficiency of 5–20%, depending on the emitter temperature (1500–2000 K) and mode of operation.
With proper insulation of the tank the thermal energy can be usefully stored for up to a week. [14] When electricity is needed, the hot molten salt is pumped to a conventional steam-generator to produce superheated steam for driving a conventional turbine/generator set as used in any coal, oil, or nuclear power plant. A 100-megawatt turbine ...
This volume of natural gas has the same energy content as one US gallon of gasoline (based on lower heating values: 900 BTU/cu ft (9.3 kWh/m 3) of natural gas and 114,000 BTU/US gal (8.8 kWh/L) for gasoline). [22] One GGE of CNG pressurized at 2,400 psi (17 MPa) is 0.77 cubic feet (22 litres; 5.8 US gallons).
An accumulator is an energy storage device: a device which accepts energy, stores energy, and releases energy as needed. Some accumulators accept energy at a low rate (low power) over a long time interval and deliver the energy at a high rate (high power) over a short time interval.
The tanks must be designed to safety standards appropriate for a pressure vessel, such as ISO 11439. [6]The pressure vessels or air storage tanks that can be used in compressed-air vehicles can be made for low pressure (9 atm (130 psi)) or high (more than 240 atm (3,500 psi)), and can be made of composite materials like thermoplastic and fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, [7] [8] that means that ...